Expand School-Based Prevention Programs - Revision history

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Relevant Research

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	Although most youth are in good health, some are at an increased risk for behaviors that can lead to poor health outcomes, such as high-risk substance use. According to national datasets, the prevalence of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use increases rapidly from early to late adolescence, peaks during the transition to young adulthood, and declines through the remainder of adulthood. There is accumulating evidence showing that the initiation of substance use early in life contributes to higher levels of use and abuse later in life. Early-onset is also associated with a host of later negative health, social, and behavioral outcomes including physical and mental health problems, violent and aggressive behavior, and adjustment problems in the workplace and family. <ref>Newcomb MD, Locke T. Health, social, and psychological consequences of drug use and abuse. In: Sloboda Z, editor. Epidemiology of drug abuse. Springer; New York: 2005. pp. 45–59.</ref> The majority of adults who meet the criteria for having a substance use disorder started using substances during their teen and young adult years. <ref>U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Office of the Surgeon General, Facing Addiction in America: The Surgeon General’s Report on Alcohol, Drugs, and Health. Washington, DC: HHS, November 2016</ref>		Although most youth are in good health, some are at an increased risk for behaviors that can lead to poor health outcomes, such as high-risk substance use. According to national datasets, the prevalence of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use increases rapidly from early to late adolescence, peaks during the transition to young adulthood, and declines through the remainder of adulthood. There is accumulating evidence showing that the initiation of substance use early in life contributes to higher levels of use and abuse later in life. Early-onset is also associated with a host of later negative health, social, and behavioral outcomes including physical and mental health problems, violent and aggressive behavior, and adjustment problems in the workplace and family. <ref>Newcomb MD, Locke T. Health, social, and psychological consequences of drug use and abuse. In: Sloboda Z, editor. Epidemiology of drug abuse. Springer; New York: 2005. pp. 45–59.</ref> The majority of adults who meet the criteria for having a substance use disorder started using substances during their teen and young adult years. <ref>U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Office of the Surgeon General, Facing Addiction in America: The Surgeon General’s Report on Alcohol, Drugs, and Health. Washington, DC: HHS, November 2016</ref>

	'''Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS)''' <ref>https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/feature/index.htm</ref>		'''Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS).''' <ref>https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/feature/index.htm</ref>
	The Center for Disease Control’s YRBS monitors priority health risks and experiences among high school students across the country. The YRBS results help in understanding risks that contribute to the leading causes of death and disability among youth and young adults. The 2019 YRBS results serve as a baseline for years to come as we understand the impact of COVID and help adolescents recover from the effects, both mental and physical, of the COVID-19 pandemic. National, state, and local surveys are conducted every 2 years among high school students throughout the United States. More than 13,000 U.S. high school students participated in the 2019 national YRBS. The report includes national YRBS data and data from surveys conducted in 44 states, such as Pennsylvania Youth Survey (PAYS), Maryland Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS/YTS), New Jersey, High School YRBS, Healthy Kids Colorado Survey (HKCS), and the Montana YRBS. The national YRBS also surveys 28 large urban school districts, 3 territories, and 2 tribal governments.		The Center for Disease Control’s YRBS monitors priority health risks and experiences among high school students across the country. The YRBS results help in understanding risks that contribute to the leading causes of death and disability among youth and young adults. The 2019 YRBS results serve as a baseline for years to come as we understand the impact of COVID and help adolescents recover from the effects, both mental and physical, of the COVID-19 pandemic. National, state, and local surveys are conducted every 2 years among high school students throughout the United States. More than 13,000 U.S. high school students participated in the 2019 national YRBS. The report includes national YRBS data and data from surveys conducted in 44 states, such as Pennsylvania Youth Survey (PAYS), Maryland Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS/YTS), New Jersey, High School YRBS, Healthy Kids Colorado Survey (HKCS), and the Montana YRBS. The national YRBS also surveys 28 large urban school districts, 3 territories, and 2 tribal governments.

	'''Impact of COVID-19''' The Monitoring the Future survey is given annually to students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades who self-report their substance use behaviors over various time periods, such as past 30 days, past 12 months, and lifetime. The survey also documents students’ perception of harm, disapproval of use, and perceived availability of drugs. The percentage of adolescents reporting drug use decreased significantly in 2021 as the COVID-19 pandemic endured. <ref>https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/trends-statistics/monitoring-future</ref> These rates "held steady" in 2022. <ref>https://nida.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/2022/12/most-reported-substance-use-among-adolescents-held-steady-in-2022</ref> Richard A. Miech, Ph.D., team lead of the Monitoring the Future study at the University of Michigan stated, “We knew that this year’s data would illuminate how the COVID-19 pandemic may have impacted substance use among young people, and in the coming years, we will find out whether those impacts are long-lasting as we continue tracking the drug use patterns of these unique cohorts of adolescents.”		'''Impact of COVID-19.''' The Monitoring the Future survey is given annually to students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades who self-report their substance use behaviors over various time periods, such as past 30 days, past 12 months, and lifetime. The survey also documents students’ perception of harm, disapproval of use, and perceived availability of drugs. The percentage of adolescents reporting drug use decreased significantly in 2021 as the COVID-19 pandemic endured. <ref>https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/trends-statistics/monitoring-future</ref> These rates "held steady" in 2022. <ref>https://nida.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/2022/12/most-reported-substance-use-among-adolescents-held-steady-in-2022</ref> Richard A. Miech, Ph.D., team lead of the Monitoring the Future study at the University of Michigan stated, “We knew that this year’s data would illuminate how the COVID-19 pandemic may have impacted substance use among young people, and in the coming years, we will find out whether those impacts are long-lasting as we continue tracking the drug use patterns of these unique cohorts of adolescents.”

	Nora Volkow, M.D., NIDA director, stated, “We have never seen such dramatic decreases in drug use among teens in just a one-year period. These data are unprecedented and highlight one unexpected potential consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused seismic shifts in the day-to-day lives of adolescents.... Moving forward, it will be crucial to identify the pivotal elements of this past year that contributed to decreased drug use – whether related to drug availability, family involvement, differences in peer pressure, or other factors – and harness them to inform future prevention efforts.”		Nora Volkow, M.D., NIDA director, stated, “We have never seen such dramatic decreases in drug use among teens in just a one-year period. These data are unprecedented and highlight one unexpected potential consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused seismic shifts in the day-to-day lives of adolescents.... Moving forward, it will be crucial to identify the pivotal elements of this past year that contributed to decreased drug use – whether related to drug availability, family involvement, differences in peer pressure, or other factors – and harness them to inform future prevention efforts.”

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 The Center for Disease Control’s YRBS monitors priority health risks and experiences among high school students across the country. The YRBS results help in understanding risks that contribute to the leading causes of death and disability among youth and young adults. The 2019 YRBS results serve as a baseline for years to come as we understand the impact of COVID and help adolescents recover from the effects, both mental and physical, of the COVID-19 pandemic. National, state, and local surveys are conducted every 2 years among high school students throughout the United States. More than 13,000 U.S. high school students participated in the 2019 national YRBS. The report includes national YRBS data and data from surveys conducted in 44 states, such as Pennsylvania Youth Survey (PAYS), Maryland Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS/YTS), New Jersey, High School YRBS, Healthy Kids Colorado Survey (HKCS), and the Montana YRBS. The national YRBS also surveys 28 large urban school districts, 3 territories, and 2 tribal governments.
-'''Impact of COVID-19''' The Monitoring the Future survey is given annually to students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades who self-report their substance use behaviors over various time periods, such as past 30 days, past 12 months, and lifetime. The survey also documents students’ perception of harm, disapproval of use, and perceived availability of drugs. The survey results are released the same year the data are collected. From February through June 2021, the Monitoring the Future investigators collected 32,260 surveys from students enrolled across 319 public and private schools in the United States. The percentage of adolescents reporting drug use decreased significantly in 2021 as the COVID-19 pandemic endured according to 2021 Monitoring the Future survey. <ref>https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/trends-statistics/monitoring-future</ref> These rates "held steady" in 2022. <ref>https://nida.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/2022/12/most-reported-substance-use-among-adolescents-held-steady-in-2022</ref> Reported 2021 declines in the use of substances among teens include:
+'''Impact of COVID-19''' The Monitoring the Future survey is given annually to students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades who self-report their substance use behaviors over various time periods, such as past 30 days, past 12 months, and lifetime. The survey also documents students’ perception of harm, disapproval of use, and perceived availability of drugs. The percentage of adolescents reporting drug use decreased significantly in 2021 as the COVID-19 pandemic endured. <ref>https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/trends-statistics/monitoring-future</ref> These rates "held steady" in 2022. <ref>https://nida.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/2022/12/most-reported-substance-use-among-adolescents-held-steady-in-2022</ref> Richard A. Miech, Ph.D., team lead of the Monitoring the Future study at the University of Michigan stated, “We knew that this year’s data would illuminate how the COVID-19 pandemic may have impacted substance use among young people, and in the coming years, we will find out whether those impacts are long-lasting as we continue tracking the drug use patterns of these unique cohorts of adolescents.”
-* Alcohol: The percentage of students who reported using alcohol within the past year decreased significantly for 10th and 12th grade students and remained stable for eighth-graders.
+Nora Volkow, M.D., NIDA director, stated, “We have never seen such dramatic decreases in drug use among teens in just a one-year period. These data are unprecedented and highlight one unexpected potential consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused seismic shifts in the day-to-day lives of adolescents.... Moving forward, it will be crucial to identify the pivotal elements of this past year that contributed to decreased drug use – whether related to drug availability, family involvement, differences in peer pressure, or other factors – and harness them to inform future prevention efforts.”
 '''Cost-Benefit of Evidence-Based Prevention.''' Research has shown that preventing drug abuse and other problem behaviors can produce benefits for communities that outweigh the monetary costs. The analysis of the return on investment of  evidence-based prevention programs is part of a series of reports prepared by researchers at the Washington State Institute for Public Policy. Together, these reports consistently show that effective prevention programs not only work but can produce dramatic savings: <ref>Lee, S., Aos, S., Drake, E., Pennucci, A., Miller, M. & Anderson, L. (2013). Return on investment: Evidence-based options to improve statewide outcomes. October 2013 (Printed on 3-20-14). Olympia: Washington State Institute for Public Policy</ref>

Charliekapinos: /* Available Tools and Resources */

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Available Tools and Resources

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	'''SAMHSA:'''		'''SAMHSA:'''
			*SAMHSA Evidence-Based Resource Center <ref>https://www.samhsa.gov/resource-search/ebp#collapse-samhsa_uswds_base_resourcecenter</ref>
	*SAMHSA Focus on Prevention/Strategies and Programs to Prevent Substance Use<ref>https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma10-4120.pdf</ref>		*SAMHSA Focus on Prevention/Strategies and Programs to Prevent Substance Use<ref>https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma10-4120.pdf</ref>
	*~~'''~~Student Assistance Guide: A Guide for School Administrators~~'''~~ outlines how to build effective and evidence-based substance use prevention/early-intervention/treatment programs in the school setting.<ref>https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/tthy-student-assistance-guide-pep19-03-01-001.pdf</ref>		*"Student Assistance Guide: A Guide for School Administrators" outlines how to build effective and evidence-based substance use prevention/early-intervention/treatment programs in the school setting.<ref>https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/tthy-student-assistance-guide-pep19-03-01-001.pdf</ref>

	'''SAFE Project:'''		'''SAFE Project:'''
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	*Results First Clearinghouse <ref>https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/data-visualizations/2015/results-first-clearinghouse-database</ref>		*Results First Clearinghouse <ref>https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/data-visualizations/2015/results-first-clearinghouse-database</ref>

	*SAMHSA Evidence-Based Resource Center <ref>https://www.samhsa.gov/resource-search/ebp#collapse-samhsa_uswds_base_resourcecenter</ref>

	*Washington State Health Care Authority, Division of Behavioral Health and Recovery – the Athena Forum <ref>https://theathenaforum.org/best_practices_toolkit</ref>		*Washington State Health Care Authority, Division of Behavioral Health and Recovery – the Athena Forum <ref>https://theathenaforum.org/best_practices_toolkit</ref>
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	'''Helpful resources and guides:'''		'''Helpful resources and guides:'''

			*The Network for Public Health Law "Policies in Schools to Reduce Overdose and Other Drug-related Harm" Webinar explores substance abuse policy issues in schools.<ref>https://www.networkforphl.org/resources/policies-in-schools-to-reduce-overdose-and-other-drug-related-harm/</ref>

	* The Washington State Institute on public policy (WSIPP) has information on cost-benefit for public health and drug prevention programs. <ref>https://www.wsipp.wa.gov/BenefitCost?topicId=9</ref>		* The Washington State Institute on public policy (WSIPP) has information on cost-benefit for public health and drug prevention programs. <ref>https://www.wsipp.wa.gov/BenefitCost?topicId=9</ref>

Charliekapinos: /* Available Tools and Resources */

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Available Tools and Resources

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	'''SAMHSA:'''		'''SAMHSA:'''
	*SAMHSA Focus on Prevention/Strategies and Programs to Prevent Substance Use<ref>https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma10-4120.pdf</ref>		*SAMHSA Focus on Prevention/Strategies and Programs to Prevent Substance Use<ref>https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma10-4120.pdf</ref>
	*'''Student Assistance Guide: A Guide for School Administrators''' outlines how to build effective and evidence-based substance use prevention/early-intervention/treatment programs in the school setting.		*'''Student Assistance Guide: A Guide for School Administrators''' outlines how to build effective and evidence-based substance use prevention/early-intervention/treatment programs in the school setting.<ref>https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/tthy-student-assistance-guide-pep19-03-01-001.pdf</ref>

	'''SAFE Project:'''		'''SAFE Project:'''

Charliekapinos: /* Available Tools and Resources */

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Available Tools and Resources

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	= Available Tools and Resources =		= Available Tools and Resources =

			'''SAMHSA:'''
			*SAMHSA Focus on Prevention/Strategies and Programs to Prevent Substance Use<ref>https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma10-4120.pdf</ref>
			*'''Student Assistance Guide: A Guide for School Administrators''' outlines how to build effective and evidence-based substance use prevention/early-intervention/treatment programs in the school setting.

	'''SAFE Project:'''		'''SAFE Project:'''
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	*Washington State Health Care Authority, Division of Behavioral Health and Recovery – the Athena Forum <ref>https://theathenaforum.org/best_practices_toolkit</ref>		*Washington State Health Care Authority, Division of Behavioral Health and Recovery – the Athena Forum <ref>https://theathenaforum.org/best_practices_toolkit</ref>

	*SAMHSA Focus on Prevention/Strategies and Programs to Prevent Substance Use<ref>https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma10-4120.pdf</ref>

	*The National Institute on Drug Abuse <ref>https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugs-brains-behavior-science-addiction/preventing-drug-misuse-addiction-best-strategy</ref>		*The National Institute on Drug Abuse <ref>https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugs-brains-behavior-science-addiction/preventing-drug-misuse-addiction-best-strategy</ref>

Charliekapinos: /* Available Tools and Resources */

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Available Tools and Resources

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	'''SAFE Project:'''		'''SAFE Project:'''
	*'''SAFE Choices''' is a program within SAFE Project that focuses on fostering resiliency in youth development through collaborative and diversified approaches that reduce risk of substance addiction and mental health challenges while empowering SAFE Choices in all stages of youth development.<ref>https://www.safeproject.us/safe-choices/</ref>		*'''SAFE Choices''' is a program within SAFE Project that focuses on fostering resiliency in youth development through collaborative and diversified approaches that reduce risk of substance addiction and mental health challenges while empowering SAFE Choices in all stages of youth development.<ref>https://www.safeproject.us/safe-choices/</ref>
			*See the wiki titled "Empower Parents" for more detailed information on how parents can discuss the adverse effects of substance use, misuse, and abuse with their children in an effective and compassionate manner. <ref>https://www.yoursafesolutions.us/wiki/Empower_Parents</ref>

	'''Searchable online registries of evidence-based prevention programs:'''		'''Searchable online registries of evidence-based prevention programs:'''

Charliekapinos: /* Available Tools and Resources */

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Available Tools and Resources

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	= Available Tools and Resources =		= Available Tools and Resources =

			'''SAFE Project:'''
			*'''SAFE Choices''' is a program within SAFE Project that focuses on fostering resiliency in youth development through collaborative and diversified approaches that reduce risk of substance addiction and mental health challenges while empowering SAFE Choices in all stages of youth development.<ref>https://www.safeproject.us/safe-choices/</ref>

	'''Searchable online registries of evidence-based prevention programs'''		'''Searchable online registries of evidence-based prevention programs:'''

	*Blueprints for Healthy Youth Development at the University of Colorado, Boulder <ref>https://www.blueprintsprograms.org/program-search/</ref>		*Blueprints for Healthy Youth Development at the University of Colorado, Boulder <ref>https://www.blueprintsprograms.org/program-search/</ref>

BasilSavitsky: /* Key Information */

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Key Information

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	* Decreasing overall substance use		* Decreasing overall substance use
	* Reducing the loss of life due to overdose		* Reducing the loss of life due to overdose

			'''Types of Prevention Programming.''' Evidence-based programs are structured for three different audiences:
			* Universal curricula provide all students in the school, or within select grade levels, with the substance use information and prevention skills.
			* Selective programs target an entire subgroup that has higher risk, regardless of the degree of risk of any individual within the group.
			* Indicated curricula prevent the onset of additional substance use in individuals who have used a substance but who do not meet the medical criteria for addiction.

	'''Evidence-Based Drug Prevention Program Registries.''' There are many strategies that have been confirmed by research to show a positive impact on youth choices and healthy behaviors. Meticulous evaluation has proven evidence-based strategies to be effective over time. Registries of evidence-based prevention programming are an invaluable resources in the selection of suitable programs that fit with the local landscape.		'''Evidence-Based Drug Prevention Program Registries.''' There are many strategies that have been confirmed by research to show a positive impact on youth choices and healthy behaviors. Meticulous evaluation has proven evidence-based strategies to be effective over time. Registries of evidence-based prevention programming are an invaluable resources in the selection of suitable programs that fit with the local landscape.

BasilSavitsky: /* Impactful Federal, State, and Local Policies */

2024-04-28T21:16:23Z

Impactful Federal, State, and Local Policies

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	=Impactful Federal, State, and Local Policies=		=Impactful Federal, State, and Local Policies=

	~~Dr. Rahul Gupta, Director of the White House Office of~~ National Drug Control Policy has stated that “the Biden-Harris Administration is committed to using data and evidence to guide our prevention efforts so it is important to identify all the factors that may have led to this decrease in substance use to better inform prevention strategies moving forward. The Administration is investing historic levels of funding for evidence-based prevention programs because delaying substance use until after adolescence significantly reduces the likelihood of developing a substance use disorder.”		'''National Programs'''

	In general, all prevention policies and selected programs are designed and implemented to reduce risk factors while also harnessing the buffering effects of protective factors. The specific approaches taken to drug prevention are quite varied in states across the county due to the autonomy granted to individual states and schools on the topic. However, all schools in the United States are charged with complying with National Academic Standards, Common Core Standards, and State Standards for Health Education when selecting a drug prevention program/curriculum.		In general, all prevention policies and selected programs are designed and implemented to reduce risk factors while also harnessing the buffering effects of protective factors. The specific approaches taken to drug prevention are quite varied in states across the county due to the autonomy granted to individual states and schools on the topic. However, all schools in the United States are charged with complying with National Academic Standards, Common Core Standards, and State Standards for Health Education when selecting a drug prevention program/curriculum.

			Dr. Rahul Gupta, Director of the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy has stated that “the Biden-Harris Administration is committed to using data and evidence to guide our prevention efforts so it is important to identify all the factors that may have led to this decrease in substance use to better inform prevention strategies moving forward. The Administration is investing historic levels of funding for evidence-based prevention programs because delaying substance use until after adolescence significantly reduces the likelihood of developing a substance use disorder.”

	~~'''National Programs'''~~		SAMHSA has directed billions of dollars to states through block grants and other programs such as the State Opioid Response. SAMHSA maintains information on laws and regulations pertaining to substance abuse and mental health services, programs, and related topics. A few examples of relevant legislation and funding follow: <ref>https://www.samhsa.gov/about-us/who-we-are/laws-regulations</ref>

	SAMHSA maintains information on laws and regulations pertaining to substance abuse and mental health services, programs, and related topics. A few examples of relevant legislation and funding follow:<ref>https://www.samhsa.gov/about-us/who-we-are/laws-regulations</ref>

	* Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act (SDFSCA) is Title IV of the "Improving America's Schools Act of 1994” which was a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA). Programs authorized under this legislation provide financial assistance for state and local drug and violence prevention activities in elementary and secondary schools and institutions of higher education. Activities may be carried out by state and local educational agencies and by other public and private nonprofit organizations. <ref>https://ojjdp.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh176/files/pubs/gun_violence/sect08-i.html</ref>		* Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act (SDFSCA) is Title IV of the "Improving America's Schools Act of 1994” which was a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA). Programs authorized under this legislation provide financial assistance for state and local drug and violence prevention activities in elementary and secondary schools and institutions of higher education. Activities may be carried out by state and local educational agencies and by other public and private nonprofit organizations. <ref>https://ojjdp.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh176/files/pubs/gun_violence/sect08-i.html</ref>
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	* Education Department General Administrative Regulations (EDGAR) Part 86 has particular import for all institutions of higher education (IHEs) that receive federal funding. These regulations were established as part of the 1990 Drug and Alcohol Abuse Prevention Act. <ref>https://safesupportivelearning.ed.gov/sites/default/files/hec/product/dfscr.pdf</ref>		* Education Department General Administrative Regulations (EDGAR) Part 86 has particular import for all institutions of higher education (IHEs) that receive federal funding. These regulations were established as part of the 1990 Drug and Alcohol Abuse Prevention Act. <ref>https://safesupportivelearning.ed.gov/sites/default/files/hec/product/dfscr.pdf</ref>

	* Comprehensive Addiction Recovery Act in 2016 and the SUPPORT for Patients and Communities Act in 2018 ~~to address~~ opioid misuse, addiction, and overdose deaths through a variety of initiatives in prevention, treatment, harm reduction, and recovery support.		* Comprehensive Addiction Recovery Act in 2016 and the SUPPORT for Patients and Communities Act in 2018 addresses opioid misuse, addiction, and overdose deaths through a variety of initiatives in prevention, treatment, harm reduction, and recovery support.

	* ~~The federal government has also provided billions of dollars directly~~ to ~~states through the SAMHSA’s State Opioid Response grant program~~ in ~~2017~~.		* In 2021, amid considerable increases in substance use during the COVID-19 pandemic, funding to address opioid and other substance use and addiction was included in several COVID-19-relief packages. <ref>https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/forefront.20210607.239986/full/</ref>

	* In 2021, amid considerable increases in substance use during the COVID-19 pandemic, funding to address opioid and other substance use and addiction was included in several COVID-19-relief packages.<ref>https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/forefront.20210607.239986/full/</ref>		Training resources and information regarding best practices is available through the Department of Education. The Office of Safe and Healthy Students (formerly OSDFS) administers, coordinates, and recommends policy for improving the quality and excellence of programs and activities which are designed to: <ref>https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/oese/oshs/aboutus.html</ref>
			* Provide financial assistance for drug and violence prevention activities and activities that promote the health and wellbeing of students in elementary and secondary schools, and institutions of higher education. Activities may be carried out by state and local educational agencies and by other public and private nonprofit organizations.
	Training resources and information regarding best practices is available through the ~~Depart~~ of Education. The Office of Safe and Healthy Students (formerly OSDFS) administers, coordinates, and recommends policy for improving the quality and excellence of programs and activities ~~that~~ are designed to:<ref>https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/oese/oshs/aboutus.html</ref>		* Participate in the formulation and development of ED program policy and legislative proposals and in overall Administration policies related to violence and drug prevention.
	* Provide financial assistance for drug and violence prevention activities and activities that promote the health and wellbeing of students in elementary and secondary schools, and institutions of higher education. Activities may be carried out by ~~State~~ and local educational agencies and by other public and private nonprofit organizations.		* Participate in interagency committees, groups, and partnerships related to drug and violence prevention, coordinating with other federal agencies on issues related to comprehensive school health, and advising the Secretary of Education on the formulation of comprehensive school health education policy.
	* Participate in the formulation and development of ED program policy and legislative proposals and in overall Administration policies related to violence and drug prevention~~; drafting program regulations~~.		*Participate with other federal agencies in the development of a national research agenda for drug and violence prevention.
	* Participate in interagency committees, groups, and partnerships related to drug and violence prevention, coordinating with other ~~Federal~~ agencies on issues related to comprehensive school health, and advising the Secretary on the formulation of comprehensive school health education policy.
	*Participate with other ~~Federal~~ agencies in the development of a national research agenda for drug and violence prevention.
	* Administer the Department's programs relating to character and civics education.		* Administer the Department's programs relating to character and civics education.

	'''State Programs'''		'''State Programs'''

	Some states have prevention laws in place that date back to the 1970s. Two ~~current~~ examples of statewide policies include:		Some states have prevention laws in place that date back to the 1970s. Two recent examples of statewide policies include:

	* The Start Talking Maryland Act of 2017. In compliance with the Code of Maryland Regulations (COMAR) 13A.04.18 Programs in Comprehensive Health Education training standard, Using a Skills-Based Approach to Substance Abuse Prevention Education

	* Colorado HB21-1276 - Prevention of Substance Use Disorders was signed into law in ~~June~~ 2021, Section 18 has a focus on the establishment of a Prevention Collaborative.		* The Start Talking Maryland Act of 2017. The Code of Maryland Regulations (COMAR) 13A.04.18: Programs in Comprehensive Health Education training standard, Using a Skills-Based Approach to Substance Abuse Prevention Education.
			* Colorado HB21-1276 - Prevention of Substance Use Disorders was signed into law in 2021. Section 18 has a focus on the establishment of a Prevention Collaborative.

	= Available Tools and Resources =		= Available Tools and Resources =

BasilSavitsky: /* Key Information */

2024-04-28T21:00:37Z

Key Information

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	The most effective prevention programs require a commitment of time, priority standing (curriculum inclusion), and are recurring and consistent. Prevention is NOT as simple as just showing up once and telling individuals to “Just Say No.” As with drug treatment, a “one-size-fits-all” approach to drug prevention is not effective. Many of the most common strategies being used by well-meaning parents, schools, and communities have been shown by careful research to be ineffective. Some have even caused harm by unintentionally reinforcing pro-use attitudes, behaviors, or norms. Knowing what works in prevention, and what doesn’t, is vital to keeping young people from developing serious and life-long issues with addiction, as alcohol and other drug abuse remain the problem behaviors contributing to the most serious problems facing our communities today.		The most effective prevention programs require a commitment of time, priority standing (curriculum inclusion), and are recurring and consistent. Prevention is NOT as simple as just showing up once and telling individuals to “Just Say No.” As with drug treatment, a “one-size-fits-all” approach to drug prevention is not effective. Many of the most common strategies being used by well-meaning parents, schools, and communities have been shown by careful research to be ineffective. Some have even caused harm by unintentionally reinforcing pro-use attitudes, behaviors, or norms. Knowing what works in prevention, and what doesn’t, is vital to keeping young people from developing serious and life-long issues with addiction, as alcohol and other drug abuse remain the problem behaviors contributing to the most serious problems facing our communities today.

	Features of the highest quality and most effective drug prevention programs:		Features of the highest quality and most effective drug prevention programs are listed below:

	* Contains evidence-informed and evidence-based strategy.		* Contains evidence-informed and evidence-based strategy.
	* Intentional focus on all substances of use, misuse, abuse (alcohol, nicotine, marijuana, prescription drugs, illicit drugs, over-the-counter drugs/medications).		* Intentional focus on all substances of use, misuse, and abuse (alcohol, nicotine, marijuana, prescription drugs, illicit drugs, over-the-counter drugs/medications).
	* Designed to address ~~data indicative of local~~ problems and their root causes.		* Designed to address problems and their root causes as indicated by local data.
	* Reduce risk factors and enhance protective factors.		* Reduce risk factors and enhance protective factors.
	* Appropriately timed - students receive accurate information and skill development in advance of age of onset of use.		* Appropriately timed - students receive accurate information and skill development in advance of age of onset of use.
	* Delivered by teachers/prevention professionals who have achieved a high level of training in the field of substance prevention, intervention, treatment, and recovery.		* Delivered by teachers/prevention professionals who have achieved a high level of training in the field of substance prevention, intervention, treatment, and recovery.
	* Recurring in nature with follow-up booster lessons at subsequent grade levels.		* Recurring in nature with follow-up booster lessons at subsequent grade levels.
	* Utilizes multiple teaching techniques ~~including~~ behavior rehearsal, interactivity, open communication ~~which engage all students~~.		* Utilizes multiple teaching techniques to engage all students -- behavior rehearsal, interactivity, and open communication.
	* Teaches skill development ~~that~~ includes: self-control, emotional awareness, communication, problem-solving, and advanced capacity for learning.		* Teaches skill development which includes: self-control, emotional awareness, communication, problem-solving, and advanced capacity for learning.
	* Enhances school connectedness with a whole school approach ~~that~~ includes healthy alternative activities.		* Enhances school connectedness with a whole-school approach which includes healthy alternative activities.
	* Provides accurate and real-life information that corrects misperceptions versus fabricated scare tactics.		* Provides accurate and real-life information that corrects misperceptions versus fabricated scare tactics.
	* Enhances family bonding and communication.		* Enhances family bonding and communication.
	* Reinforced at the community sector level (policies, laws, media)		* Reinforced at the community sector level (policies, laws, media)
	* Inclusive and compassionate taking into account that some youth will have used and/or have close friends and family members who are actively using, living in recovery, or have passed away from a substance use disorder.		* Inclusive and compassionate, taking into account that some youth will have used and/or have close friends and family members who are actively using, living in recovery, or have passed away from a substance use disorder.

	The core goal of prevention programs is the development of lifelong attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that supports healthy choices and open the door for youth to reach their fullest potential. Specifics include:		The core goal of prevention programs is the development of lifelong attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that supports healthy choices and open the door for youth to reach their fullest potential. Specifics include:
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	* Reducing the loss of life due to overdose		* Reducing the loss of life due to overdose

	'''Evidence-Based Drug Prevention Program Registries'''		'''Evidence-Based Drug Prevention Program Registries.''' There are many strategies that have been confirmed by research to show a positive impact on youth choices and healthy behaviors. Meticulous evaluation has proven evidence-based strategies to be effective over time. Registries of evidence-based prevention programming are an invaluable resources in the selection of suitable programs that fit with the local landscape.

	There are many strategies that have been confirmed by research to show a positive impact on youth choices and healthy behaviors. Meticulous evaluation have proven evidence-based strategies to be effective over time.		It is very important to note that even the best-designed programs can be ineffective if the fidelity of the implementation process or content is added to or subtracted from the scope and sequence. When researching and making a program selection, careful attention should be given to the fidelity model and the intended design of the program.

	~~Registries of evidence-based prevention programming are an invaluable resources in the selection of suitable programs that fit with the local landscape.~~ It is very important to note that even the best-designed programs can be ineffective if the fidelity of the implementation process or content is added to or subtracted from the scope and sequence. When researching and making a program selection, careful attention should be given to the fidelity model and the intended design of the program.

	~~'''When An Evidence-Based Program is Not an Option'''~~		There are times when an evidence-based program may not be an option due to readiness, cost, capacity, funding, and/or training barriers. In these cases, locally developed programs are often created. When it comes to substance use prevention, extreme levels of caution must be exercised to ensure that the best intentions do not backfire and actually hinder or even cause harm to the local conditions and people the program was intended to help.

	~~Evidence-based programs implemented with fidelity are most likely to help schools improve health outcomes for youth across the life span, there~~ are times when an evidence-based program may not be an option due to readiness, cost, capacity, funding, and/or training barriers. In these cases~~, innovative~~, locally developed programs are created ~~and used~~. When it comes to substance use prevention, extreme levels of caution must be exercised to ensure that the best intentions do not backfire and actually hinder or even cause harm to the local conditions and people the program was intended to help.

	= Relevant Research=		= Relevant Research=